The Four Culture Types Consists Of Two Dimensions

The two by two matrix that Cameron and Quinn use to describe the four culture types consists of two dimensions. The first dimension differentiates effectiveness criteria that emphasizes flexibility, discretion, and dynamism from criteria that emphasizes stability, order, and control. This just means that some organizations are viewed as effective if they are able to change rapidly whereas others are viewed effective if they are stable. The other dimensions differentiates effectiveness based on whether or not they are internally oriented or if they if they are externally oriented. Thus saying that some companies are viewed as effective if they are focused on harmonious internal operations for example IBM. Whereas, other are deemed effective if they are focused on competition with outsiders such as Honda. The two dimensions above then are able to create four distinct organizational culture types: clan, adhocracy, hierarchy, and market. The clan culture became popular after Japan’s success after WWII. Some typical characteristics in clan culture are teamwork, and corporate commitment to employees. The basic assumptions include: customers are best thought of as partners, the environment can best be managed through teamwork and employee development and more. They are typified by a friendly place to work where people share a lot of themselves and where success is defined in terms of internal climate and concern for people. The Adhocracy culture is one in which is typified by itsShow MoreRelatedStudy of Organizational Culture in Singapore1669 Words   |  7 Pagestogether. Review Culture may be viewed as a group s collective being which is both static and dynamic in nature, and may be studied by looking at the dimensions of the collective being at a point in time as well as over time (RALSTON et al). Low’s (2009; 2002) studies cites the twelve Singaporean values and these values are then cited and used to examine the key value(s) that prevail among these Singapore companies. According to his thesis there are eight types of corporate culture existing in SingaporeRead MoreThe Impact Of Cultural Dimensions On Nation s Growth Of Service Innovation Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pageshypothesize: H5-The influence of cultural dimensions on nation’s growth of service innovation is not similar across different service sectors. 2.5 Country’s Service Growth and Hofstede’s Organizational Models Hofstede (1991) developed several types of organizational models based on his national cultural dimensions. Of the five cultural dimensions he developed, the combination of PD and UA is considered the most important in studying organizations in various national cultures. 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On top of this, Wall Street and the businesses that occupy it are continuously under public scrutiny due to the unethical behaviors that tend to be common in the industry. This has led to a public discontent for the industry, but JPMorgan Chase Co. is attempting to overcome that hurdle through a unique culture. This culture is foundedRea d More2.2.1 Power Culture . Handy (1993) Alleges That A Power853 Words   |  4 Pages2.2.1 Power culture Handy (1993) alleges that a power culture depends on a central power source which consists of only a few people. This power centre controls all operations, but this control only functions up to a certain organization size. Beyond this point, the control of the centre collapses. Harrison (1972) examines further that a power culture is characterized by a highly competitive mindset. Therefore, this culture avoids being subject to any regulation and people within the organizationRead MoreItb 305 Midterm Exam Latest Strayer951 Words   |  4 PagesITB 305 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST STRAYER Course: International Business Environment Test: Midterm Exam Part 1 Instructions: This exam consist of 25 multiple choice questions and covers the material in chapters 1 through 3. Question 1: In order to answer the question: â€Å"What determines the success and failures of firms around the globe?,† the author introduces which two core perspectives? Question 2: The pendulum view of globalization is embraced by: Question 3: Which of the following definitions bestRead MoreCase Study : South Korea s Society1895 Words   |  8 Pagesyear assignment on May 1, 2015. There are differences in their culture, and in the manner they conduct business and live their daily lives. It is imperative these differences are learned now, allowing adequate time to prepare for the necessary adjustments. Research was conducted in the following areas: †¢ Hofstede’s Value Dimensions. This report contains pertinent facts about South Korea’s society as it relates to Hofstede’s four dimensions. This includes whether they accept a hierarchical order, howRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Coso Enterprise Risk Management Framework1279 Words   |  6 Pagessatisfying rate of return, investors invest more in the company, customers trust the quality of its products, and employees keep a stable job. However, every enterprise is always faced with some degree of uncertainty. Uncertainty can be categorized as two types: risk and opportunity depending on how the enterprise treat the challenge. Take the online shopping as an example. Before the online retail became a mainstream, many retailers foresaw the opportunities online. They took advantage of the InternetRead MoreIn This Study, A Total Of 109 Participants Varying In Age1409 Words   |  6 PagesRole Inventory, Romantic Beliefs Scale, Four-Factor Culture Scale, Gender Role Belief Scale Short Form and the Disney princess. One attribute that we measured in this study was the participant’s tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitions endeavors using the Need for cognition Short form survey (Petty et. al, 1984). In this survey participants indicated the extent to which they endorse each statement using a Likert-type scale. This scale consists of 18 items on a 5-point scale ranging fromRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Design Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagespaper seeks to identify the structural dimensions of Ternary Software Co. along with the application of certain strategic frameworks used for organizational effectiveness. Structural Dimensions The general characteristics of organizations consist of two main dimensions, structural and contextual. Structural dimensions describe the internal characteristics of an organization by creating a foundation for measuring success. The four main structural dimensions include formalization (written documentation

Essay on Presidential Power in a National Crisis - 1211 Words

Presidential Power in a National Crisis Presidents of the United States take an oath to uphold the Constitution. In times of crisis, however, presidents are tempted to circumvent the spirit of the Constitution in the name of political expediency. The president of the United States of America is frequently under pressure, which could be for something as simple as dealing with his wife (especially if shes running for the US Senate), but usually the problem is more extensive. Then, the whole nation is affected, and the problem becomes a national crisis. A widespread panic is possible. The president must propose a plan to aid his nation while keeping the public under control. Lincoln. Roosevelt and Truman proposed bills to stop or prevent†¦show more content†¦The writ is a fundamental cornerstone of due legal process and can only be disregarded in times of civil emergency. The general didnt want to go to court and sent staff Colonel Lee with John Merryman. Lee appeared before Judge Taney and stated that the general w as busy with other matters (Sandburg 247). The colonel read a statement from Gen. Cadwalader asserting: John Merryman was charged with treason and was known for holding a commission as a lieutenant in a company in their possession armed hostility against the government (Sandburg 247). The generals statement added the president would also authorize a suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. President Lincoln sent word to Chief Justice Taney, explaining that it was his duty to authorize the commanding generals suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in the name of public safety (Sandburg 247). Congress resumed on August 6th, while Lincoln was making the final measures of his plan (Sandburg 247). The North and South were in a mammoth argument concerning the arrests of southern civil leaders. Without the writ of habeas corpus, there was no need to tell the south why the civil leaders were being held in custody. The war was now ready to begin, and the north and south would eventually be reunited. We can thank Lincoln for provoking the conflict. The suspension of the writ of habeas corpus was wrong and somewhat against the constitution.Show MoreRelatedResolutions For Amending The Constitution On Election Of The President1263 Words   |  6 Pagesand counterattacks. Personal insults. Outrageous newspaper invective. Dire predictions of warfare and national collapse. Innovative new forms of politicking capitalizing on a growing technology. As much as this seems to describe our present-day presidential contests, it actually describes an election more than two hundred years past. The presidential election of 1800 was an angry, dirty, crisis-ridden contest that seemed to threaten the nation’s very survival. A bitter partisan battle between FederalistRead MoreThe American Foreign Policy During The Vietnam War1016 Words   |  5 PagesArmy, was killed in action at the age of 27. 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According to Neustadt, the key to presidential success and influence is persuasion. Although some may view the president as a powerful authority figure, the checks and balances established by the founders makes the president’s skills of persuasion crucial. The president’s accumulation of personal power can make up for his lack of institutional powers. The president mustRead MorePardon of Richard Nixon1193 Words   |  5 PagesControversial Pardon of Richard Nixon HIST102 American History Since 1877 Instructor: 22 February 2014 Former President Richard Nixon is most well-known for his role in the Watergate crisis in the early 1970’s. The Watergate crisis started in June of 1972, when the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters was broke into by members of Nixon’s re-election committee. The press took this breaking news and began to dig deeper into what the Whitehouse (President Nixon) was hiding. OverRead MoreAnalysis Of Presidential Leadership During Times Of Crisis And Disaster1645 Words   |  7 PagesAn analysis of presidential leadership during times of crisis and disaster reveals that the presidential role of leadership is tested in different aspects. These aspects range from natural disasters to other federal funded emergencies. The outcome of that disaster is depended on the president’s leadership capabilities. 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina were catalysts for the analysis of presidential leadership and management within the Bush Administration. This analysis brought about great criticism and

Labor Market Trends Free Essays

Most of the economic analysts argue that trend of the labor market can be characterized as a dynamic one, meaning on a constant change, and its dynamism can be attributed to the changing economic performance of the market and some other factors that imposes an effect to the labor market. During the time when the economy is in good or bad condition, the behavior of the labor market is very different on every scenario. By understanding the trend of the labor force would mean, for the policy makers, having the capacity of predict the level and skills of the labor force that will be available in the economy and on how they will utilize its number to attain the societal goal as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Market Trends or any similar topic only for you Order Now An economy having a surplus or a deficit of laborers would certainly bring costs and benefits. This is the reason why the labor market trends should be monitored form time to time. Factors affecting the labor market pattern should also be considered. Technology, government policy and the like must also be included into attention for it imposes either direct and/or indirect effects to the labor market trends. In the technological world that we are now living, it is ordinary for the economy to demand for new skills, job opportunities and new line of labor in order to suffice the need of the modern kind of living. With the complexity of the economy as time goes by, the policy makers has to monitor the demand and supply of low skilled and high skilled workers to protect the welfare of the majority while maximizing the profitability of the economy as a whole. As for the companies that plan to hire workers, it is necessary for them to understand the trend in the labor market for them to determine the level of education the available worker has and to set their standards based from the given information (Marcotte, 1991). This paper aims to discuss the current labor trend such as the trends for new jobs and its relationship to career development by relating an article about labor market trend to the existing one. Labor Market Trend Employment rate, wage rate, growth rate of the industries and the required level of education for an individual to have a work are just a few of the factors that should be considered in identifying the current trend in the labor market. According to the article of Fix, he talked about the reason of the increase in the demand for the laborers in the late 1990’s due to the sustainable growth in the US and globalization in the economy that even the low skilled workers and single mothers are hired to suffice the demand for the laborers. With this we can see that economic forces affect the trend in the labor market. The higher the investments in economy, the greater the number of possible job opportunity for that certain employment line. One example to this is the current high demand of the nurses in many parts of the world, because of this; most of the undergraduate students tend to study nursing in order to have a better career, get a better salary and so forth. It is understood that if a certain job line is in demand, there would be always a high wage rate, lot of benefits and â€Å"nice† employment terms and agreement. This is what has been the behavior of the students when choosing their undergraduate courses (Amirault, 1990). Government policies also play a vital role in affecting the trend in the labor market. Those job lines that have greater benefits compared to the others as mandated by the law would surely gain higher demand from the laborers (International-Labour-Organization, 2000). The government must also monitor their minimum wage rate to prevent their workers to migrate abroad. Migration of the skilled workers would greatly affect the economic performance of the country for it makes the country to have fewer workers in performing various economic roles. Wage rate must be set in balance in order to attract the workers to stay and work in the domestic market (Fix, 2002). The booming of a certain industry would also affect the current trend in the labor market for it attracts laborers to apply into that industry (Fix, 2002). One example into this is the impressive growth of the cellular phone industry in the south-east Asia and because of this, the tendency of the labor pool is to have a vocational course on electronics since there is a great demand for the said line of job. Cellular phone technicians also became in demand in the economy. Effects of the Globalization to Labor Market Trend Globalization has already been attributed to various negative effects that developed countries now experiencing. One of the main arguments of the analysts is that under globalization, multinational corporations are exporting laborers from the developed to developing countries through the aid of the â€Å"foreign direct investments† (International-Labour-Organization, 2000). When a certain corporation made its investment abroad, it brings with them some of the top skilled workers to supervise the operation of the new company branch in another country. In this case, all the skills of the imported laborers will benefit the country where the capitals are invested. And not only that, the host country could also benefit from the additional job opportunity that the company will offer to the labor market. Under the trade liberalization, the government is giving the consumers pieces of advice to prefer more the goods produced from abroad than with the locally produced one (International-Labour-Organization, 2000). With this, the local industry will find it hard to compete with the imported goods in terms of price and quality, therefore, harming the laborer since there is a possibility for them to be laid off to cut production costs on the part of the local industry. The increasing use of machineries and other advanced technological process to speed up the production made some laborers to loose their jobs since company owners prefer the most the machineries over the human labor for the former is more effective and efficient in working. Industries became more and more independent to technology in making their products produce faster and of great volume according to the International Labour Organization. It is therefore crucial for the government to regulate and protect the welfare of those laborers that might get harmed by their actions. Conclusion Based from the above statements and facts, we can clearly see that economic growth imposes negative effects to the trend in the labor market. The importation of the skilled workers leaves the importing country with less competitive laborers while letting the other countries to gain the benefits that are supposedly for the economy of the host country; and the preference of the imported goods than with the locally produced, harms not only the industry but also the laborers, for they could suffer from a decrease in their salary, or worse, loss their jobs. The behavior of the students in choosing a course also affects the future trend in the labor market. The number of demands for every job line serves as an attraction to the students. This would later on makes the supply of laborers on other job lines to turn down. The imbalance in the supply of the laborers in the economy could cause market turmoil and this should be prevented by the government to happen. The wage rate of the laborers especially the â€Å"low profiled† one must be monitored and evaluated often to ensure the welfare of those who are in need. As we all know, they compose the majority of the number of available workers in the market and by protecting their welfare would mean preserving the good working relationship of the workers and the market. Today labor unions play and have power to fight for the stake of the laborers in the economy and having trouble with them can greatly affect the economic performance of the country. A day mass demonstrations and strikes of the laborers could cause the loss of millions of dollars in terms of production of nay industry. The importance of understanding the trend in the labor market would really help every sector in the economy. REFERENCES Amirault, T. A. (1990). Labor market trends for new college graduates [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 15, 2007 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1155/is_n3_v34/ai_9325762. Fix, D. S. N. a. M. (2002). Economic and Labor Market Trends [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 15, 2007. International-Labour-Organization. (2000). Labour Market Trends and Globalization’s Impact on Them [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 15, 2007 from http://www.itcilo.it/actrav/actrav-english/telearn/global/ilo/seura/mains.htm. Marcotte, D. E. (1991). Learning in the Labor Market: The Changing Importance of Education and Training After â€Å"Formal† Schooling Ends [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 15, 2007 from http://ncrve.berkeley.edu/Summaries/1275sum.html. ; ; How to cite Labor Market Trends, Essay examples

Importance of Classical Theories of Management-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImportance of Classical Theories of Management. Answer: Introduction The management theories rely upon the important observations, which would ultimately create a framework for the activities of business. The implications of the management information system are important in todays world because the production of reports on a daily basis is important for a company. Such system is maintained by the guidelines of the current theories. The models or the theories would focus on the experiences of the individuals and these theories would further act as the guidelines for the managers while practicing management in their offices (Gao, 2016). There are various modern and traditional based models, which act as the guidelines for the managers. In this context, it is important to discuss the importance of the historical analysis of the management theories and the way these theories would prepare a person as a manager in this new information age. Against this background, it is significant to understand the vital arenas of the issues of the contemporary managemen t and the reasons for embracing the traditional system of management. The theories such as Scientific Management theory, Management theory of Bureaucratic and the Human relations movement are the different traditional theories which should be taken into account while the implementation of the theories are done (Gao, 2016). In this new information age, the traditional outlooks should not be overlooked completely as they also provide the basic outlines and the primary ones; they can prove to be helpful while making a greater career in the field of management. Background The theory of classical management (1900- 1930) depends upon the trust that workers have economic and physical needs. It does not take into consideration about the needs of the society or the satisfaction of the job. It believes in the Hierarchical structure, specialization and providing incentives to the workers. It acts as a base for the future management process. It advocates the scientific study of the classical theory of management along with the bureaucratic theory of management and administrative management. Literature Review During the age of information, the society has become knowledge based, which is surrounded by the highly technological global economy that has its influence on the sector of manufacturing and services. In this world of globalization, it is important to take into account the importance of the management and the way one must prepare them to become a manager in the organization (Errington, 2015). To align with the globalization, the new management theories are being considered half of the time to utilize the contemporary management theories and how they would be helpful at most of the times to prepare one for to meet the challenges of the globalization (Jones, 2015). However, there are shortcomings, which are involved in this context. To keep pace with the rapid globalization, the managers in the organization are into taking many risky works and thus at many times leading to the failure of the progress of organization. The contemporary theories at times failed to guide the managers prop erly where the managers these days are mainly dependant in a situation wise. This would lead to the failure on the part of the managers in terms of change management. Another most important failure of the contemporary management practices are the managers might become inappropriate while they take too much time towards the practices of the new implementation theory and this would lead to the practices of the fundamental management of controlling and monitoring are sidelined. The authors even predicted that the theories are not based soundly (Cherry, 2016). The contemporary theories also at time failed to give recognition to the relationship between the leaders and members. In many organization these days, due to the rapid growth of globalization, the organizations are running after profits by overlooking the principles of ethics. To earn profits, without understanding the proper internal and external environment of the company, the managers are being impatient and forcing the member s to do their work without any proper coherency, this is leading to the highest turnover (Amin, 2014). Therefore, in most cases, the contemporary factors of the management failed to realize the wants of the company in the field of decision making process as well. This decision making process can be dragged for many months in order to conclude (Griffin 2013). This problem may further be supported by the poor research of the market and the employees at time also believe that they are not being valued properly. Thus, the contemporary management is not coming to help in many cases. Therefore, in some cases, the historical theories of management at times would come to help to let someone to become a proper manager. Classical based approach is regarded as one of the oldest school of thought, which started in the year 1900, and it continued till the year 1920. It is mainly focuses on the efficiency of the worker and the management practices of the organization, which is the outcome of a carefully done observation. The approach focuses on the economic efficiency in the world of globalization (Shafritz, 2015)Classical approach is a base which would help the employee to build a dream which would suit them as a manager. It is a learning process and induced with certain philosophical ideas which are helping out the employees and the people who are looking forward to become manager in a good firm or organization. The traditional approaches are Scientific Approach, bureaucratic and administrative management (Easterby-Smith, 2012). Discussion The theory of the scientific management theory focuses on the measurement of the tasks of the various organizations. Tasks are standardized and the workers are awarded or punished according to the task they do. With the implementation of the Time and Motion Study where Frederick Taylor focused on the ways, he can reduce the motions while doing a task for increasing the productivity. The managers of McDonalds for making the appropriate process of making burger, which the workers of the organization follow, use the element of his theory (Warning 2016). The five important principles of the scientific managements are the clearer sight of the responsibilities and tasks, the proper use of scientific methods in order to determine one of the best ways of doing the right job properly, scientifically selecting the best person for the newly framed out job. One of the principles also incorporate the workers to perform one of the best jobs. This is being properly handled by the organizational str ucture of the Google, which generally enable the workforce to act scientifically in terms of doing projects through proper means of information system (Waring, 2016). Therefore, it could be stated that the scientific management being a classical theory has become the part of any organization in this 21st century era. It has represented its strength in creating a gap between the functions of the management and the functions of the work in the levels of the industries. It also has the strength of making the firm work efficiently through the substitution of the rules of thumb which have proved its application worldwide (Daft, 2012). It can be said that Scientific Management is the part of any types of organization in the 21st century. It has produced its strength in making a divide between work and management functions (Bell, 2012).The Modern organizations give importance to the social factors such as the initiatives of the employee, adaptability and loyalty alongside with the efficiency. Bureaucratic Management Theory contains two important parts. First, it consists of structuring an organization into the form of hierarchy. Second, the firm and its members are administered clearly by legal-rational decision making norms. Each element gives aid to the organizations to achieve their goals. An organizational hierarchy is the way of organizing the steps of authority to the levels above and below. As the size of the business grows, there is an increasing want to delegate the responsibilities to departments and managers, who can run that particular arena of the business autonomously in order to ensure that the organization would meet the fulfillments. However, in the course of the 21st century, this management still exists and the practices of this management by the organizations are framed out to design in favor of the minority groups (Van 2014). The current presence of the bureaucracy is at first attributed to the positive influences that have its suitability at the different extent of the organizations in the level of development. This bureaucratic management can be easily proved helpful if the members of the organization have interest in common. To top it, bureaucracy has been identified as an important style of management, which grow trusts motivation, and commitment of the employees. For example, Toshibas Fuchu American company are standardized and formalized at a higher degree without avoiding the developers of software (Sturdy, Wright and Wyile 2016). Therefore, the new information age is the efficient world where the ends are achieved through the means of concentrating, likewise, once the efficiency is being guaranteed, organizations would have the ability to prove their competitive advantage. Another important example is the modern United States Military. The divisions in this organization are a systematic one where the army division is divided into a number of brigades. The brigades are further divided into battalions, then the battalions are divided into companies, and again companies are broken into the form of platoons. Each level of hierarchy is vested with particular functions to meet the specific organizational goals. Bureaucracy is an important information system where the people systematically collect the information, filter it and create the distributive data. Thus, it is an effective means of communication, which is being still practi ced in the 21st century (Sturdy, n.d.) In the year 1916, The administrative management is the first attempt to provide the administrative management theory which is an initiative to render help to colleagues in order to manage better in the face of unprecedented changes in commerce and business. The administrative management are relevant and appropriate for the managers in todays world. The management incorporates planning, organization, co-ordination and direction which would prove to be effective means of administrative management. The primary objective of the administrative management which benefits the public more (Tengblad, 2012). The organization such as IAM, which stands for International Association of Movers is promoting best practices. The institution increases the productivity like the huge quantities of vital information, which are to be coped on their daily basis. The organization believes that promotion of the best picture while managing the information is necessary (T engblad, 2012). Managerial Implications refers to the practical ways to use information or the observations, which can be utilized to construct practical decisions as whether to move further with a venture, the amount to invest, the distribution system which would be used or the way the allocation of the budget in the firm (Brockhoff, 2013). The innovation in the services, goods and services are required to transform the management with the development of the new information system and by aligning with the use of classical management theories, can integrate the managerial implications and implement in a proper way. By utilizing the use of classical theories of management, it is important to gain knowledge on the character of the implications of manager. Therefore, in this new information age, other than applying the new theories as the main domain for the managers to practice the management work, but also the historical theories can be utilized to make the workings more innovative and successful (Br ockhoff, 2013) Conclusion Therefore to conclude, it can be stated that, with the coming of the new innovative world based on new information age, the managers are struggling enough to keep pace with the change of globalization. This also at times leading to the failures of the managers as they were busy in implementing the new contemporary management theory in the organizations. The managers as well is not at times proficient enough to carry out their tasks in the change environment and also maintaining environment proficiently. So, the different traditional theories can come in use if one is to prepare themselves to become an effective manager. In order to implement the classical management theory, it is important for the manager to understand the current style of management, which would give the clear reflection of strengths, and weaknesses that one is not aware of while practicing the management organization. In order to implement the classical management theories in the new information system of the era, the consultant should be hired and a careful planning is needed to be done. If one is implementing the new style of management including the management theories, the scientific theory must be inculcated which would provide help to the organizations transition at a faster pace. The classical theories follows a systematic form of hierarchy and it should make the employees feel that they are important part of the process. References Amin, S., 2014. Capitalism in the age of globalization: The management of contemporary society. Zed Books Ltd... Bell, R. a. M. J., 2012. The relevance of scientific management and equity theory in everyday managerial communication situations.. s.l.:s.n. Brockhoff, K. C. A. a. H. J. e., 2013. The dynamics of innovation: strategic and managerial implications. Springer Science Business Media.. s.l.:s.n. Cherry, B. a. J. S., 2016. Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences.. s.l.:s.n. Daft, R., 2012. Organization theory and design. Nelson Education.. s.l.:s.n. Easterby-Smith, M. T. R. a. J. P., 2012. Management research.. s.l.:Sage.. Errington, A. a. B.-L. D., 2015. Management by textbook: The role of textbooks in developing critical thinking.. s.l.:Journal of Management Education, 39(6), pp.774-800.. Gao, C., 2016. The relationship between training, work attitudes, leadership and job performance (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Utara Malaysia). Jones, G. a. G. J., 2015. Contemporary management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.. s.l.:s.n. Shafritz, J. O. J. a. J. Y., 2015. Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning.. s.l.:s.n. Sturdy, A. W. C. a. W. N., n.d. . Managers as consultants: The hybridity and tensions of neo-bureaucratic management.. pp. Organization,23(2), pp.184-205.. Tengblad, S. e., 2012. The work of managers: Towards a practice theory of management. Oxford University Press.. s.l.:s.n. Waring, S., 2016. Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.. s.l.:s.n.