The Four Culture Types Consists Of Two Dimensions

The two by two matrix that Cameron and Quinn use to describe the four culture types consists of two dimensions. The first dimension differentiates effectiveness criteria that emphasizes flexibility, discretion, and dynamism from criteria that emphasizes stability, order, and control. This just means that some organizations are viewed as effective if they are able to change rapidly whereas others are viewed effective if they are stable. The other dimensions differentiates effectiveness based on whether or not they are internally oriented or if they if they are externally oriented. Thus saying that some companies are viewed as effective if they are focused on harmonious internal operations for example IBM. Whereas, other are deemed effective if they are focused on competition with outsiders such as Honda. The two dimensions above then are able to create four distinct organizational culture types: clan, adhocracy, hierarchy, and market. The clan culture became popular after Japan’s success after WWII. Some typical characteristics in clan culture are teamwork, and corporate commitment to employees. The basic assumptions include: customers are best thought of as partners, the environment can best be managed through teamwork and employee development and more. They are typified by a friendly place to work where people share a lot of themselves and where success is defined in terms of internal climate and concern for people. The Adhocracy culture is one in which is typified by itsShow MoreRelatedStudy of Organizational Culture in Singapore1669 Words   |  7 Pagestogether. Review Culture may be viewed as a group s collective being which is both static and dynamic in nature, and may be studied by looking at the dimensions of the collective being at a point in time as well as over time (RALSTON et al). Low’s (2009; 2002) studies cites the twelve Singaporean values and these values are then cited and used to examine the key value(s) that prevail among these Singapore companies. According to his thesis there are eight types of corporate culture existing in SingaporeRead MoreThe Impact Of Cultural Dimensions On Nation s Growth Of Service Innovation Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pageshypothesize: H5-The influence of cultural dimensions on nation’s growth of service innovation is not similar across different service sectors. 2.5 Country’s Service Growth and Hofstede’s Organizational Models Hofstede (1991) developed several types of organizational models based on his national cultural dimensions. Of the five cultural dimensions he developed, the combination of PD and UA is considered the most important in studying organizations in various national cultures. 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On top of this, Wall Street and the businesses that occupy it are continuously under public scrutiny due to the unethical behaviors that tend to be common in the industry. This has led to a public discontent for the industry, but JPMorgan Chase Co. is attempting to overcome that hurdle through a unique culture. This culture is foundedRea d More2.2.1 Power Culture . Handy (1993) Alleges That A Power853 Words   |  4 Pages2.2.1 Power culture Handy (1993) alleges that a power culture depends on a central power source which consists of only a few people. This power centre controls all operations, but this control only functions up to a certain organization size. Beyond this point, the control of the centre collapses. Harrison (1972) examines further that a power culture is characterized by a highly competitive mindset. Therefore, this culture avoids being subject to any regulation and people within the organizationRead MoreItb 305 Midterm Exam Latest Strayer951 Words   |  4 PagesITB 305 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST STRAYER Course: International Business Environment Test: Midterm Exam Part 1 Instructions: This exam consist of 25 multiple choice questions and covers the material in chapters 1 through 3. Question 1: In order to answer the question: â€Å"What determines the success and failures of firms around the globe?,† the author introduces which two core perspectives? Question 2: The pendulum view of globalization is embraced by: Question 3: Which of the following definitions bestRead MoreCase Study : South Korea s Society1895 Words   |  8 Pagesyear assignment on May 1, 2015. There are differences in their culture, and in the manner they conduct business and live their daily lives. It is imperative these differences are learned now, allowing adequate time to prepare for the necessary adjustments. Research was conducted in the following areas: †¢ Hofstede’s Value Dimensions. This report contains pertinent facts about South Korea’s society as it relates to Hofstede’s four dimensions. This includes whether they accept a hierarchical order, howRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Coso Enterprise Risk Management Framework1279 Words   |  6 Pagessatisfying rate of return, investors invest more in the company, customers trust the quality of its products, and employees keep a stable job. However, every enterprise is always faced with some degree of uncertainty. Uncertainty can be categorized as two types: risk and opportunity depending on how the enterprise treat the challenge. Take the online shopping as an example. Before the online retail became a mainstream, many retailers foresaw the opportunities online. They took advantage of the InternetRead MoreIn This Study, A Total Of 109 Participants Varying In Age1409 Words   |  6 PagesRole Inventory, Romantic Beliefs Scale, Four-Factor Culture Scale, Gender Role Belief Scale Short Form and the Disney princess. One attribute that we measured in this study was the participant’s tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitions endeavors using the Need for cognition Short form survey (Petty et. al, 1984). In this survey participants indicated the extent to which they endorse each statement using a Likert-type scale. This scale consists of 18 items on a 5-point scale ranging fromRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Design Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagespaper seeks to identify the structural dimensions of Ternary Software Co. along with the application of certain strategic frameworks used for organizational effectiveness. Structural Dimensions The general characteristics of organizations consist of two main dimensions, structural and contextual. Structural dimensions describe the internal characteristics of an organization by creating a foundation for measuring success. The four main structural dimensions include formalization (written documentation

Essay on Presidential Power in a National Crisis - 1211 Words

Presidential Power in a National Crisis Presidents of the United States take an oath to uphold the Constitution. In times of crisis, however, presidents are tempted to circumvent the spirit of the Constitution in the name of political expediency. The president of the United States of America is frequently under pressure, which could be for something as simple as dealing with his wife (especially if shes running for the US Senate), but usually the problem is more extensive. Then, the whole nation is affected, and the problem becomes a national crisis. A widespread panic is possible. The president must propose a plan to aid his nation while keeping the public under control. Lincoln. Roosevelt and Truman proposed bills to stop or prevent†¦show more content†¦The writ is a fundamental cornerstone of due legal process and can only be disregarded in times of civil emergency. The general didnt want to go to court and sent staff Colonel Lee with John Merryman. Lee appeared before Judge Taney and stated that the general w as busy with other matters (Sandburg 247). The colonel read a statement from Gen. Cadwalader asserting: John Merryman was charged with treason and was known for holding a commission as a lieutenant in a company in their possession armed hostility against the government (Sandburg 247). The generals statement added the president would also authorize a suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. President Lincoln sent word to Chief Justice Taney, explaining that it was his duty to authorize the commanding generals suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in the name of public safety (Sandburg 247). Congress resumed on August 6th, while Lincoln was making the final measures of his plan (Sandburg 247). The North and South were in a mammoth argument concerning the arrests of southern civil leaders. Without the writ of habeas corpus, there was no need to tell the south why the civil leaders were being held in custody. The war was now ready to begin, and the north and south would eventually be reunited. We can thank Lincoln for provoking the conflict. The suspension of the writ of habeas corpus was wrong and somewhat against the constitution.Show MoreRelatedResolutions For Amending The Constitution On Election Of The President1263 Words   |  6 Pagesand counterattacks. Personal insults. Outrageous newspaper invective. Dire predictions of warfare and national collapse. Innovative new forms of politicking capitalizing on a growing technology. As much as this seems to describe our present-day presidential contests, it actually describes an election more than two hundred years past. The presidential election of 1800 was an angry, dirty, crisis-ridden contest that seemed to threaten the nation’s very survival. A bitter partisan battle between FederalistRead MoreThe American Foreign Policy During The Vietnam War1016 Words   |  5 PagesArmy, was killed in action at the age of 27. 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According to Neustadt, the key to presidential success and influence is persuasion. Although some may view the president as a powerful authority figure, the checks and balances established by the founders makes the president’s skills of persuasion crucial. The president’s accumulation of personal power can make up for his lack of institutional powers. The president mustRead MorePardon of Richard Nixon1193 Words   |  5 PagesControversial Pardon of Richard Nixon HIST102 American History Since 1877 Instructor: 22 February 2014 Former President Richard Nixon is most well-known for his role in the Watergate crisis in the early 1970’s. The Watergate crisis started in June of 1972, when the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters was broke into by members of Nixon’s re-election committee. The press took this breaking news and began to dig deeper into what the Whitehouse (President Nixon) was hiding. OverRead MoreAnalysis Of Presidential Leadership During Times Of Crisis And Disaster1645 Words   |  7 PagesAn analysis of presidential leadership during times of crisis and disaster reveals that the presidential role of leadership is tested in different aspects. These aspects range from natural disasters to other federal funded emergencies. The outcome of that disaster is depended on the president’s leadership capabilities. 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina were catalysts for the analysis of presidential leadership and management within the Bush Administration. This analysis brought about great criticism and

Labor Market Trends Free Essays

Most of the economic analysts argue that trend of the labor market can be characterized as a dynamic one, meaning on a constant change, and its dynamism can be attributed to the changing economic performance of the market and some other factors that imposes an effect to the labor market. During the time when the economy is in good or bad condition, the behavior of the labor market is very different on every scenario. By understanding the trend of the labor force would mean, for the policy makers, having the capacity of predict the level and skills of the labor force that will be available in the economy and on how they will utilize its number to attain the societal goal as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Market Trends or any similar topic only for you Order Now An economy having a surplus or a deficit of laborers would certainly bring costs and benefits. This is the reason why the labor market trends should be monitored form time to time. Factors affecting the labor market pattern should also be considered. Technology, government policy and the like must also be included into attention for it imposes either direct and/or indirect effects to the labor market trends. In the technological world that we are now living, it is ordinary for the economy to demand for new skills, job opportunities and new line of labor in order to suffice the need of the modern kind of living. With the complexity of the economy as time goes by, the policy makers has to monitor the demand and supply of low skilled and high skilled workers to protect the welfare of the majority while maximizing the profitability of the economy as a whole. As for the companies that plan to hire workers, it is necessary for them to understand the trend in the labor market for them to determine the level of education the available worker has and to set their standards based from the given information (Marcotte, 1991). This paper aims to discuss the current labor trend such as the trends for new jobs and its relationship to career development by relating an article about labor market trend to the existing one. Labor Market Trend Employment rate, wage rate, growth rate of the industries and the required level of education for an individual to have a work are just a few of the factors that should be considered in identifying the current trend in the labor market. According to the article of Fix, he talked about the reason of the increase in the demand for the laborers in the late 1990’s due to the sustainable growth in the US and globalization in the economy that even the low skilled workers and single mothers are hired to suffice the demand for the laborers. With this we can see that economic forces affect the trend in the labor market. The higher the investments in economy, the greater the number of possible job opportunity for that certain employment line. One example to this is the current high demand of the nurses in many parts of the world, because of this; most of the undergraduate students tend to study nursing in order to have a better career, get a better salary and so forth. It is understood that if a certain job line is in demand, there would be always a high wage rate, lot of benefits and â€Å"nice† employment terms and agreement. This is what has been the behavior of the students when choosing their undergraduate courses (Amirault, 1990). Government policies also play a vital role in affecting the trend in the labor market. Those job lines that have greater benefits compared to the others as mandated by the law would surely gain higher demand from the laborers (International-Labour-Organization, 2000). The government must also monitor their minimum wage rate to prevent their workers to migrate abroad. Migration of the skilled workers would greatly affect the economic performance of the country for it makes the country to have fewer workers in performing various economic roles. Wage rate must be set in balance in order to attract the workers to stay and work in the domestic market (Fix, 2002). The booming of a certain industry would also affect the current trend in the labor market for it attracts laborers to apply into that industry (Fix, 2002). One example into this is the impressive growth of the cellular phone industry in the south-east Asia and because of this, the tendency of the labor pool is to have a vocational course on electronics since there is a great demand for the said line of job. Cellular phone technicians also became in demand in the economy. Effects of the Globalization to Labor Market Trend Globalization has already been attributed to various negative effects that developed countries now experiencing. One of the main arguments of the analysts is that under globalization, multinational corporations are exporting laborers from the developed to developing countries through the aid of the â€Å"foreign direct investments† (International-Labour-Organization, 2000). When a certain corporation made its investment abroad, it brings with them some of the top skilled workers to supervise the operation of the new company branch in another country. In this case, all the skills of the imported laborers will benefit the country where the capitals are invested. And not only that, the host country could also benefit from the additional job opportunity that the company will offer to the labor market. Under the trade liberalization, the government is giving the consumers pieces of advice to prefer more the goods produced from abroad than with the locally produced one (International-Labour-Organization, 2000). With this, the local industry will find it hard to compete with the imported goods in terms of price and quality, therefore, harming the laborer since there is a possibility for them to be laid off to cut production costs on the part of the local industry. The increasing use of machineries and other advanced technological process to speed up the production made some laborers to loose their jobs since company owners prefer the most the machineries over the human labor for the former is more effective and efficient in working. Industries became more and more independent to technology in making their products produce faster and of great volume according to the International Labour Organization. It is therefore crucial for the government to regulate and protect the welfare of those laborers that might get harmed by their actions. Conclusion Based from the above statements and facts, we can clearly see that economic growth imposes negative effects to the trend in the labor market. The importation of the skilled workers leaves the importing country with less competitive laborers while letting the other countries to gain the benefits that are supposedly for the economy of the host country; and the preference of the imported goods than with the locally produced, harms not only the industry but also the laborers, for they could suffer from a decrease in their salary, or worse, loss their jobs. The behavior of the students in choosing a course also affects the future trend in the labor market. The number of demands for every job line serves as an attraction to the students. This would later on makes the supply of laborers on other job lines to turn down. The imbalance in the supply of the laborers in the economy could cause market turmoil and this should be prevented by the government to happen. The wage rate of the laborers especially the â€Å"low profiled† one must be monitored and evaluated often to ensure the welfare of those who are in need. As we all know, they compose the majority of the number of available workers in the market and by protecting their welfare would mean preserving the good working relationship of the workers and the market. Today labor unions play and have power to fight for the stake of the laborers in the economy and having trouble with them can greatly affect the economic performance of the country. A day mass demonstrations and strikes of the laborers could cause the loss of millions of dollars in terms of production of nay industry. The importance of understanding the trend in the labor market would really help every sector in the economy. REFERENCES Amirault, T. A. (1990). Labor market trends for new college graduates [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 15, 2007 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1155/is_n3_v34/ai_9325762. Fix, D. S. N. a. M. (2002). Economic and Labor Market Trends [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 15, 2007. International-Labour-Organization. (2000). Labour Market Trends and Globalization’s Impact on Them [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 15, 2007 from http://www.itcilo.it/actrav/actrav-english/telearn/global/ilo/seura/mains.htm. Marcotte, D. E. (1991). Learning in the Labor Market: The Changing Importance of Education and Training After â€Å"Formal† Schooling Ends [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 15, 2007 from http://ncrve.berkeley.edu/Summaries/1275sum.html. ; ; How to cite Labor Market Trends, Essay examples

Importance of Classical Theories of Management-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImportance of Classical Theories of Management. Answer: Introduction The management theories rely upon the important observations, which would ultimately create a framework for the activities of business. The implications of the management information system are important in todays world because the production of reports on a daily basis is important for a company. Such system is maintained by the guidelines of the current theories. The models or the theories would focus on the experiences of the individuals and these theories would further act as the guidelines for the managers while practicing management in their offices (Gao, 2016). There are various modern and traditional based models, which act as the guidelines for the managers. In this context, it is important to discuss the importance of the historical analysis of the management theories and the way these theories would prepare a person as a manager in this new information age. Against this background, it is significant to understand the vital arenas of the issues of the contemporary managemen t and the reasons for embracing the traditional system of management. The theories such as Scientific Management theory, Management theory of Bureaucratic and the Human relations movement are the different traditional theories which should be taken into account while the implementation of the theories are done (Gao, 2016). In this new information age, the traditional outlooks should not be overlooked completely as they also provide the basic outlines and the primary ones; they can prove to be helpful while making a greater career in the field of management. Background The theory of classical management (1900- 1930) depends upon the trust that workers have economic and physical needs. It does not take into consideration about the needs of the society or the satisfaction of the job. It believes in the Hierarchical structure, specialization and providing incentives to the workers. It acts as a base for the future management process. It advocates the scientific study of the classical theory of management along with the bureaucratic theory of management and administrative management. Literature Review During the age of information, the society has become knowledge based, which is surrounded by the highly technological global economy that has its influence on the sector of manufacturing and services. In this world of globalization, it is important to take into account the importance of the management and the way one must prepare them to become a manager in the organization (Errington, 2015). To align with the globalization, the new management theories are being considered half of the time to utilize the contemporary management theories and how they would be helpful at most of the times to prepare one for to meet the challenges of the globalization (Jones, 2015). However, there are shortcomings, which are involved in this context. To keep pace with the rapid globalization, the managers in the organization are into taking many risky works and thus at many times leading to the failure of the progress of organization. The contemporary theories at times failed to guide the managers prop erly where the managers these days are mainly dependant in a situation wise. This would lead to the failure on the part of the managers in terms of change management. Another most important failure of the contemporary management practices are the managers might become inappropriate while they take too much time towards the practices of the new implementation theory and this would lead to the practices of the fundamental management of controlling and monitoring are sidelined. The authors even predicted that the theories are not based soundly (Cherry, 2016). The contemporary theories also at time failed to give recognition to the relationship between the leaders and members. In many organization these days, due to the rapid growth of globalization, the organizations are running after profits by overlooking the principles of ethics. To earn profits, without understanding the proper internal and external environment of the company, the managers are being impatient and forcing the member s to do their work without any proper coherency, this is leading to the highest turnover (Amin, 2014). Therefore, in most cases, the contemporary factors of the management failed to realize the wants of the company in the field of decision making process as well. This decision making process can be dragged for many months in order to conclude (Griffin 2013). This problem may further be supported by the poor research of the market and the employees at time also believe that they are not being valued properly. Thus, the contemporary management is not coming to help in many cases. Therefore, in some cases, the historical theories of management at times would come to help to let someone to become a proper manager. Classical based approach is regarded as one of the oldest school of thought, which started in the year 1900, and it continued till the year 1920. It is mainly focuses on the efficiency of the worker and the management practices of the organization, which is the outcome of a carefully done observation. The approach focuses on the economic efficiency in the world of globalization (Shafritz, 2015)Classical approach is a base which would help the employee to build a dream which would suit them as a manager. It is a learning process and induced with certain philosophical ideas which are helping out the employees and the people who are looking forward to become manager in a good firm or organization. The traditional approaches are Scientific Approach, bureaucratic and administrative management (Easterby-Smith, 2012). Discussion The theory of the scientific management theory focuses on the measurement of the tasks of the various organizations. Tasks are standardized and the workers are awarded or punished according to the task they do. With the implementation of the Time and Motion Study where Frederick Taylor focused on the ways, he can reduce the motions while doing a task for increasing the productivity. The managers of McDonalds for making the appropriate process of making burger, which the workers of the organization follow, use the element of his theory (Warning 2016). The five important principles of the scientific managements are the clearer sight of the responsibilities and tasks, the proper use of scientific methods in order to determine one of the best ways of doing the right job properly, scientifically selecting the best person for the newly framed out job. One of the principles also incorporate the workers to perform one of the best jobs. This is being properly handled by the organizational str ucture of the Google, which generally enable the workforce to act scientifically in terms of doing projects through proper means of information system (Waring, 2016). Therefore, it could be stated that the scientific management being a classical theory has become the part of any organization in this 21st century era. It has represented its strength in creating a gap between the functions of the management and the functions of the work in the levels of the industries. It also has the strength of making the firm work efficiently through the substitution of the rules of thumb which have proved its application worldwide (Daft, 2012). It can be said that Scientific Management is the part of any types of organization in the 21st century. It has produced its strength in making a divide between work and management functions (Bell, 2012).The Modern organizations give importance to the social factors such as the initiatives of the employee, adaptability and loyalty alongside with the efficiency. Bureaucratic Management Theory contains two important parts. First, it consists of structuring an organization into the form of hierarchy. Second, the firm and its members are administered clearly by legal-rational decision making norms. Each element gives aid to the organizations to achieve their goals. An organizational hierarchy is the way of organizing the steps of authority to the levels above and below. As the size of the business grows, there is an increasing want to delegate the responsibilities to departments and managers, who can run that particular arena of the business autonomously in order to ensure that the organization would meet the fulfillments. However, in the course of the 21st century, this management still exists and the practices of this management by the organizations are framed out to design in favor of the minority groups (Van 2014). The current presence of the bureaucracy is at first attributed to the positive influences that have its suitability at the different extent of the organizations in the level of development. This bureaucratic management can be easily proved helpful if the members of the organization have interest in common. To top it, bureaucracy has been identified as an important style of management, which grow trusts motivation, and commitment of the employees. For example, Toshibas Fuchu American company are standardized and formalized at a higher degree without avoiding the developers of software (Sturdy, Wright and Wyile 2016). Therefore, the new information age is the efficient world where the ends are achieved through the means of concentrating, likewise, once the efficiency is being guaranteed, organizations would have the ability to prove their competitive advantage. Another important example is the modern United States Military. The divisions in this organization are a systematic one where the army division is divided into a number of brigades. The brigades are further divided into battalions, then the battalions are divided into companies, and again companies are broken into the form of platoons. Each level of hierarchy is vested with particular functions to meet the specific organizational goals. Bureaucracy is an important information system where the people systematically collect the information, filter it and create the distributive data. Thus, it is an effective means of communication, which is being still practi ced in the 21st century (Sturdy, n.d.) In the year 1916, The administrative management is the first attempt to provide the administrative management theory which is an initiative to render help to colleagues in order to manage better in the face of unprecedented changes in commerce and business. The administrative management are relevant and appropriate for the managers in todays world. The management incorporates planning, organization, co-ordination and direction which would prove to be effective means of administrative management. The primary objective of the administrative management which benefits the public more (Tengblad, 2012). The organization such as IAM, which stands for International Association of Movers is promoting best practices. The institution increases the productivity like the huge quantities of vital information, which are to be coped on their daily basis. The organization believes that promotion of the best picture while managing the information is necessary (T engblad, 2012). Managerial Implications refers to the practical ways to use information or the observations, which can be utilized to construct practical decisions as whether to move further with a venture, the amount to invest, the distribution system which would be used or the way the allocation of the budget in the firm (Brockhoff, 2013). The innovation in the services, goods and services are required to transform the management with the development of the new information system and by aligning with the use of classical management theories, can integrate the managerial implications and implement in a proper way. By utilizing the use of classical theories of management, it is important to gain knowledge on the character of the implications of manager. Therefore, in this new information age, other than applying the new theories as the main domain for the managers to practice the management work, but also the historical theories can be utilized to make the workings more innovative and successful (Br ockhoff, 2013) Conclusion Therefore to conclude, it can be stated that, with the coming of the new innovative world based on new information age, the managers are struggling enough to keep pace with the change of globalization. This also at times leading to the failures of the managers as they were busy in implementing the new contemporary management theory in the organizations. The managers as well is not at times proficient enough to carry out their tasks in the change environment and also maintaining environment proficiently. So, the different traditional theories can come in use if one is to prepare themselves to become an effective manager. In order to implement the classical management theory, it is important for the manager to understand the current style of management, which would give the clear reflection of strengths, and weaknesses that one is not aware of while practicing the management organization. In order to implement the classical management theories in the new information system of the era, the consultant should be hired and a careful planning is needed to be done. If one is implementing the new style of management including the management theories, the scientific theory must be inculcated which would provide help to the organizations transition at a faster pace. The classical theories follows a systematic form of hierarchy and it should make the employees feel that they are important part of the process. References Amin, S., 2014. Capitalism in the age of globalization: The management of contemporary society. Zed Books Ltd... Bell, R. a. M. J., 2012. The relevance of scientific management and equity theory in everyday managerial communication situations.. s.l.:s.n. Brockhoff, K. C. A. a. H. J. e., 2013. The dynamics of innovation: strategic and managerial implications. Springer Science Business Media.. s.l.:s.n. Cherry, B. a. J. S., 2016. Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences.. s.l.:s.n. Daft, R., 2012. Organization theory and design. Nelson Education.. s.l.:s.n. Easterby-Smith, M. T. R. a. J. P., 2012. Management research.. s.l.:Sage.. Errington, A. a. B.-L. D., 2015. Management by textbook: The role of textbooks in developing critical thinking.. s.l.:Journal of Management Education, 39(6), pp.774-800.. Gao, C., 2016. The relationship between training, work attitudes, leadership and job performance (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Utara Malaysia). Jones, G. a. G. J., 2015. Contemporary management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.. s.l.:s.n. Shafritz, J. O. J. a. J. Y., 2015. Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning.. s.l.:s.n. Sturdy, A. W. C. a. W. N., n.d. . Managers as consultants: The hybridity and tensions of neo-bureaucratic management.. pp. Organization,23(2), pp.184-205.. Tengblad, S. e., 2012. The work of managers: Towards a practice theory of management. Oxford University Press.. s.l.:s.n. Waring, S., 2016. Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.. s.l.:s.n.

Lying Explored in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay Example

Lying Explored in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Paper Mendacity is a system that we live in. Liquor is one way out and deaths the other.[1] This quote by Tennessee Williams is expressed throughout one of his best-known works, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, and the theme of mendacity permeates the entire play. Mendacity is a term that refers to lies, hypocrisy and deception that the Pollitt family uses to escape from falsehood. The overburdened circumstances of the family crisis reveal hidden truths that were being held by the characters in the play. Brick drinks in order to escape mendacity and lies, the Pollitt family, except Brick lies to Big Daddy about his terminal cancer and Big Daddy himself is Brick drinks in order to escape mendacity and lies. The alcohol helps him cope with issues he has bottled up inside and eases the pain he inflicts on himself by denying the nature of his relationship with Skipper and his culpability in Skippers self-destruction and death. Brick confesses to Maggie that alcohol is the only way he can obtain peace of mind and says, The click in my head when Ive had enough of this stuff to make me peaceful (1.33) Brick feels responsible for Skippers suicide because he rejected him after he confessed his feelings for Brick. During hisfirst real discussion with Big Daddy, Brick spits out his disgust with mendacity. He is repulsed with the fake life he has been living when his friendship with recently deceased Skipper was misinterpreted as dirty. However, Big Daddy states that Bricks disgust with mendacity is really disgust withUh-hu. Anyhow now!-we have tracked down the lie with which youredisgusted and which you are drinking to kill your disgust with,Brick. You been passing the buck. This disgust with mendacity isdisgust with yourself. You!-dug the grave of your friend and kickedhim in it!- before youd face truth with him! (2.127) Big Daddy genuinely lov

Based On Your Reading This Week, How Has Your Impression Of

Based On Your Reading This Week, How Has Your Impression Of Based On Your Reading This Week, How Has Your Impression Of Informatics, Especially Nursing – Coursework Example Reflection on Nursing Informatics The continuous development of telecommunications and computer technology continues to offer the health sector opportunities that promote communication, education and patient safety (Johnson et al., 2012). Consequently, the American health care system seeks to implement electronic health records entirely (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). The resources accessed and used, and the information together with discussions with my classmates during this week has immensely heightened my apprehension of numerous elements of nursing and medical informatics. Before enrolment to this course, my conception of nursing informatics was a little limited. I initially thought that nursing informatics entailed using a computer at the nursing wards next to the patient’s bed while providing care to record information. While nurses persist to use computers to record information, I have realized that nursing informatics also avails unlimited access t o resources on patients and their families, themselves and fellow nurses (Matney et al., 2011).Over this week, I learnt that nursing informatics is deemed a subspecialty of healthcare informatics (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). Notably, I learnt that nursing informatics expedites the incorporation of data, knowledge and information to support patients, nurses and health care professionals in resolution making in their functions and fields of specialty (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). I learnt that nursing informatics involves computer science, information science and nursing science (Johnson et al., 2012). If anyone had asked me earlier then I would have told them that one only required computer skills to carry out informatics. During this week, I also learnt that nursing informatics is a specialized field that is essential in the speedily shifting healthcare delivery system (Johnson et al., 2012). I initially thought that nursing informatics was a luxury that nurses would use in the hea lth care system.ReferencesMcGonigle, D. & Mastrian, K. (2015). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett. American Association of Colleges of Nursing QSEN Consortium. (2012). Graduate-level QSEN competencies: Knowledge, skills and attitudes. Retrieved from aacn.nche.edu/faculty/qsen/competencies.pdf Johnson, J. E., Veneziano, T., Malast, T., Mastro, K., Moran, A., Mulligan, L., & Smith, A. L. (2012). Nursings future: Whats the message? Nursing Management, 43(7), 36–41. doi:10.1097/01.NUMA.0000415493.20578.f2 Click here to access this article Matney, S., Brewster, P. J., Sward, K. A.,Cloyes, K. G., & Staggers, N. (2011). Philosophical approaches to the nursing informatics data-information-knowledge-wisdom framework. Advances in Nursing Science, 34(1), 6–18.

Analysis of Business Operations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Business Operations - Case Study Example The management tool of my choice will be the affinity diagram when it comes to applying one of them in my business which deals with the sales and marketing of various products. The use of the affinity diagram greatly requires the utilization of team efforts. It therefore requires the complete attention of the whole team that is operating in the business. The importance of utilizing the diagram in my business arises from the fact that there is a lot of information generated. The team therefore requires to sort through this information to come up with the most effective measures of increasing a products sale. It is also applicable since the answers required are not just obvious to all the team members working on a presented problem. The solutions that are normally adopted come from the general consensus reached by all the team members. The tool is vital since it helps in establishing connections that were previously invisible between the information collected (Hutchins 56). It also greatly assists in the brainstorming of the causes and the solutions to various problems being experienced especially in situations where there is little information availed. The business benefits in a variety of ways through the use of the affinity diagram. This is because the diagram assists in making breakthroughs in various problems occurring and it also enables the establishment of greater teamwork activities. The diagram additionally helps in revealing relationships between various pieces of information and building of greater skills of critical thinking within my business team. The creation of these skills within the business greatly assists in solving the problems that our clients forward to us through the development of the most cost effective along with efficient solutions. The use of the affinity diagram has enabled the team members within the business to develop better communication skills when dealing with any problems that are brought to the company. This move

Assessment Of My Leadership Styles Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment Of My Leadership Styles - Coursework Example Evidently, I am a worthwhile leader who has been helping my organization to grow. Such leadership styles have been attainable mainly because of my admirable leadership qualities such as confidence, cooperation, commitment, tolerance, creativity, accountability, and honesty. These are traits which if nurtured, can make me be a great leader in future. However, for me to achieve much, I need to undertake a lot of training on communication and critical thinking skills. These can be of great importance because they can enable me to develop effective interpersonal communication skills which are necessary for creating healthier interpersonal relations with everyone around me. Besides, it would make me be a model leader whose traits should be emulated. In conclusion, I would like to agree with the assertion that leadership is innate. However, everyone should go ahead to learn good leadership strategies and nurture them. Having known exactly what I want, I have become a conscious leader who i s very concerned about the welfare and prosperity of my workers. With democratic, laissez-faire and transactional leadership styles, I have a long way too. However, I need to acquire the necessary training that can help me to have a self-awareness, identify my weaknesses and make the necessary improvements. Even before filing the inventory, I knew that I am a transactional leader. Since I assumed power, I have been keen on the performance of my juniors. Anyone who demonstrates exemplary performance has been offered contingent rewards.

How has the nuclear agenda influenced American popular culture from Essay

How has the nuclear agenda influenced American popular culture from 1945-1962 - Essay Example The main advances of technology allowed for film advents and television to be introduced to many people. The advances in technology gave one way of communication on the world wide scale of reality and hence they opened a gate through which influences of the popular culture from other world countries got introduced. WWII changed most of ideas which the Australians had in their culture before. Shapiro, J. F. (2002) said Britain being there â€Å"Mother Country† and most of majority living in Australia being British, or form British descent, they were closely associated with Britain and their allegiance towards Britain was strong. In WWII, the United States had offered Britain with many required military support and unfortunately their soldiers got slaughtered in Gallipoli campaign. When the WWII incurred, the battle was near the United States regions and they got themselves encompassed and bombed. However, Britain was as well being attacked directly and the United States came into realization that their defending Australia was not available on the list Britain’s priority. The country had less than 7 million people attacking almost 3 million square miles and hence they required for a super power to help them in their defence. The popular culture in America changed extensively during and after the nuclear era. It involved everything dealing with so called common culture to folk culture. It has been the occurrence of these things in the post war era in American culture which is related with commercial culture and other trappings in: television, movies, radio, advertising, cyberspace, and other commodities which were available for purchase. It also involved other forms of art, games, photography and group experiences such as rave dancing on ecstasy and comet-watching. While social science departments and humanities before 1950s could rarely include anything former in their culture.

The Status of Women in patriarchal Indian

The Status of Women in patriarchal Indian Chapter Two: The Status of Women in patriarchal Indian.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His Rights and Her Duties Introduction India is countries with a history spanning hundreds years of a multiplicity inequality, where customs and culture practise had and still have strong influence on the social and political life of the population. India is also a country with tights to social caste system, with variety religions believers. This social mixture makes difficult for Indian women to escape discrimination, reach better opportunities and empower themselves not only inside the household, but also in a village and in a community, or even on the countrys political stage. On another hand, India has modern approach to technology and development with fast growing economy reaching 7,7 percent GDP in 2009 and further forecast of growth to 9 percent this year. (Trading economics http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDP-Growth.aspx?Symbol=INR) Indian family structure. The most outstanding feature of India is a strong patriarchal and patrilocal character of this state. Majority of Indian states are patriarchal with only few examples of matrilocal and matrilineal structure like Kerala. In patriarchal society both boys and girls take their identity from the father. But while the son is recognize as a permanent member of the family, the girls are more luckily be viewed as a transit element of this unit to another predominantly husbands family. This also influences inheritance and resource distribution inside family. The land and properties are usually inherited by male successors and transmitted throw them to the next generation. According to the traditional legal practice a daughter has only rights of maintenance the land during her life in a family. As soon as she got married her right of land use are dismissed and taken back to family unit. Only a son has rights to property and land at birth. Women position in patriarchal India is reduced to good daughters, good wives and mothers. Wifehood and motherhood are commonly accepted as key roles for women in an Indian society and by those implications they should not pursue any different profession. Especially this once required by higher education or specialised trainings, which make them, lose focus on main household duties. Patriarchal system in an Indian society also means that the family unit is based on the joint household structure, where only one male is a head of house. Usually this role does belong to a father. He does make choice in terms of marriage alliance, both daughters and sons, decision about buying and selling properties, and maintaining family property day-to-day life. In terms of domestic arrangement the elder woman in a family is in charge. The new bride has the lowest and submissive position in this family chain (p70-76 Women status in India and Empowering them throw Education Dr Bijayalasini Prahary 2010). In addition a patrilocal character of the Indian family means that a married couple will be leaving in a husbands father house or in close distance to a natal home. And because an inheritance in India is usually traced through man, not a woman, the whole family sets are related to males who live together and share a property or even in case of tribal groups a wife. As a consequence of a male dominated role in a family and kinship system women are treated as a less important tool in a kin, and often an easy disposable member, simply replaceable by new brides. For example, in cases where a woman is childless common practise for husband is to send her back to her maternal family and replace by a new wife. The daughter situation is much more difficult. As daughters position is concerned, their residence in the fathers household is temporary and they do not have rights to family assets. Especial as girls quite often are subjects of early age arranged marriages, so their lives in a unit ar e short. In case of a wife, the husband family treats her as an outsider who is descended from some other patriarchal extended kin. Interesting enough with age and giving a birth to son a woman can gain better setup inside the household, but she will always be perceive as an outsider. Legally the minimum ages at marriage are 18 for women and 21 for man, but in practise, according R C Mishra, close to 60 percent of women of rural India are married before reaching legal age. Especially that the legal provisions are rarely enforced by local authorities, what allows prohibition against child marriage to be continued and it seems wildly accepted in pure areas of India. We have to remember that Indian population is strongly influenced by custom and religious believes. As a consequence of early married many of girls, who are not ready physically and mentally to give a birth at young age, are dying during pregnancy (p94-97 women in India towards gender equality R C Mishra Authorspress Delhi 2006). The patrurialchal structure of the family clearly influences the relationship inside a household. Any womens decision-making power is restricted by their low positions in a house. For example, if the mother-in-law lives in a house, a new woman in a unit has to ask her for permission and approval in domestic arrangements. If the brother-in-law is there, he is the person to ask for consent to leave the house. Also at presence the sister-in-law in a household, a new bride needs to submit herself to her decisions. Many of women in joint families are enable to take any independent decision in respect to their own daily activities. The wife has to live by her husbands and often his family wishes. The daughter has to live by father and family arrangements. (Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Bilkis Vissandjà ©e 2006). According to studies made by R C Misha nearly 90 percent of women in Uttar Pradesh, and over 80 percent in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Andhra Pradesh need permission before they can leave the house. Even in matters of cooking, a third of interviewed women in Uttar said that they had been excluded from decision-making on cooking. ((p94-97 women in India towards gender equality R C Mishra Authorspress Delhi 2006) Indians family structure means that it is a bride responsibility to make major adjustments in a marriage. Girls should be prepared to make sacrifice in terms own needs, be modest, hard worker and always contribute to new family wealth being. Many Indians strongly believe that not only young girls should get married early but as well be less educated than the males in the family. The reason behind this is to preserve the male-based hierarchy and perception of man roles in a household as a breadwinner and security provider. Another factor is that unmarried innocent girl symbolises family honour and purity, and is considering as a blessed gift for the whole house. In India, especially in pure regions, rural areas, girls specialise in domestic work such as looking after siblings, preparing and cooking food, cleaning the house and fetching water and firewood. Boys on the other hand are manly involved in working on the family farms, looking after livestock and engaging in income-earning activities. (p1-11 statues of rural women in India Dr S C Shama 2009) But due to economic situation quite often girls are taking over also boys responsibilities in farming and earning money for family needs. Also social discrimination has a huge impact on women rights to land. Norms of female dependence on males are justified through a range of social mechanisms. About one in third of households have been run by women alone as they husbands left in research for jobs outside agriculture industry. Still women get less paid then man for the same work done. Two third of women in India cant read or write. They cant sleep before the man in household (p1-11 statues of rural women in India Dr S C Shama 2009). (p 40-44 Gender Discrimination in Indian Society, L Packiam, Allied Publishing Privet Limited 2006 New Delhi) In addition, even among Indian women exists huge inequality related to treatment at work place and on social stage. Women belonging to the privileged and dominating classes enjoy mach more freedom and opportunities than they are often denied even to man from subordinated and unprivileged casts and groups. Women for the privilege cast are more educated and can place themselves in better position on an employment market. Still it does not change the fact that women are on the bottom of the order in every social group and casts, landless people, displaced and migrants (p1-11 statues of rural women in India Dr S C Shama 2009) Dali women are the hardest touched by discrimination not only at home but as well at Indian society. As the lowest cast they suffer every day form injustice and wrongdoing. The case of a girl student from Gujarat is only one of many examples of hash treatment by upper class and Indian traditional authorities. The girl made a mistake of joining the dancing in the mai n square of her village, in which most of the participants were of the upper caste. The upper caste boys pulled her out and threatened to rape her. For interfering, her mother was slapped. In the hope for justice, she forced her parents to file a complaint to the police against her assailants. For complaining to the police constantly the upper caste families in a village intimidated her mother and members of her family until it had been withdraw. This only one from many examples showing how difficult is for women from lowest cast to deal with disadvantages to be born into Dalit cast. It is estimated that around 50 thousand Dalits girls were sold every year to Hindu organizations that are involved in the Devdasi system as a female servants of god and are sexually exploited. These women from the poorest cast have no control over life, wealth and they cannot expect help from Indian justices system and local authorities. Human Right Watch Report in 1992, http://aapf.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/mahey-the-status-of-dalit-women-in-indias-caste-based-system.pdf (The Status of Dalit Women in Indias Caste Based System Sonia Mahey, University of Alberta) Women in Indian population. India is one of the countries where the female population is counting in less proportion to male population. According to UNICEF Indias Report on Child Sex Ratio birth of females children is declining steadily. Figures from 1991 showed the sex ratio was 947 girls for 1000 boys. Ten years later it had fallen to 927 girls for 1000 boys. Furthermore, since 1991 in 80 percent of all districts in India had recorded a declining sex ratio with the state of Punjab being the worst in leading the statistics. States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana have recorded more than 50 point decline in the child sex ratio in the same period. http://www.unicef.org/india/media_3285.htm Delhi recorded sex ratios 821 while Haryanan 851 and Uttar Paradesh 898 (p6 http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7602/1/MPRA_paper_7602.pdf). The Karela state is the only one in India where overall sex ratio is constantly in favourable to women. According to MPRAs data sex ratio was in 2001 1058 as per 1001 census (MPRA 10 march 2008) The fact is that more then 1 million pregnancies are aborted every year after the identification as females. Female children, who escape abortion or infanticide, get into social, economical and political discrimination. Through socialisation female children are throwing into women role expectations in Indian society. From the moment of birth girls are subjected by parents reinforcement to take on traditional role in a society and secondary position after male. From the birth girls are view as a weight responsibility and son as a valuable resource. This discriminations continue throw the girls whole lives and effecting ever aspect of they daily existence. At home patents give priority to needs and interest of their sons then daughters. The teenager girl is denied involvement in decision making in the family. She hardly takes any decision, which affects her life directly. Even in terms of relationships girls are restricted. A son can choose and love a girl of his choice, even refuses t o marry parents choice of a bride, and whomever they selects the final world would be his. On contrarily, the daughter has to submit herself physically and mentally to family decisions. Every her movement is watched by relatives and in huge measure by the whole community, especially in a village environment. She is strictly instructed to behave herself. Expression of love towards a boy even of the same cast is not possible (L Packiam 2006, p16-18). Of course the restriction towards girls can be more loosen up in economically privileged and higher cast families. Although India is going throw an intensive economical and in same point political changes, which impose social transformation on girls right to education, the elimination of traditional and still strong dominated view on women lower position seems to be unattached by those changes. Girls education The conventional view on girls upbringing has huge impact on their formal education. India has the largest population of non-school-going working girls. The country literacy rate for women is 39 percent versus 64 percent for man. For example in Uttar Pradesh is even lower, around 25 percent for women. This low rate of girls in an education lies down to parents view that the educated girl brings no returns to her future roles, mainly as a homemaker and perhaps agriculture labour. The point is that girls increasingly are replacing brothers on farm duties while carrying domestic responsibilities at the same time. This is significant reason for not sending daughters to schools. A large proportion of nonworking girls is kept at home only because they household responsibility. Also next point for not sending girls to school is to protect their virginity. Especially when schools are communal for both: girls and boys. In addition long distance to education institutions with travel expenses m akes impossible to change paten of basic education for girls (Dr Priyanka Tomar 2006, p 10-13). The reality is that women literacy rate stands less than 50 percent for whole India. United Nation had estimated that 245 million Indian women cannot read or write and furthermore this number covers wide throw states, religion groups and casts. For instance, while 95 percent of women in Mizoram are literate, only 34 percent of women in Bihar can read and write. The average Indian female has only 1.2 years of schooling, while the Indian male spends 3.5 years in school. More than 50 percent girls drop out by the time they are in middle school. On the other hand life expectancy has increased for both: males and females to 64.9 years for women and 63 years for men. According to UN Statistic Division (2000) also the workingwomen population had risen from 13 percent in 1987 to 25 percent in 2001 and still grows. Another confirmed point of strong male dominance in an Indian society is the fact that only women belied to be responsible for childless marriages or giving successive birth to female babies. In those cases it is common to expect a wife to find a second wife, for her husband, which is natural in rural areas that she is coming from her own family kit (L Packiam 2006, p35 -37). In such traditional country like India with strong male role perception as a head of large family it is important to have sons who continue family line and look after their assets. Work and women A further aspect unequal right for women and men are related to workplace and conditions they are work. Women work longer hours than man and their work is less paid or not paid at all. Women contribution in agriculture, whether it is farming or commercial agriculture, is far more demanding as they need to as well concentrate on domestic duties and ruining household, fulfilling they traditional roles as a mother and wife. It had been found (Andhra Pradesh 2006, p.12-17) that the working day of a woman labour in agriculture during the farming season last 15 hours from 4 am to 8 pm, while man work from 5am to 10 am or 11 am and from 3 pm to 5 pm. It means that women have to work in difficult weather conditions (Dr Priyanka Tomar 2006, p 12-17). Both transplanting and weeding required from women worker to spend the whole day working in mud. What is more they work under hit of sun, while mens work such a ploughing and watering the fields is always carried out early in a morning (Neera Bha rihoke 2008, p. 41). Still women labour contribution is barley recognizable as an economic productivity and input to a family household (Dr Priyanka Tomar 2006, p 12-17). In rural India women get paid 60 percent or even less than men for doing the same work. Table 1 shows the wage rate in agriculture between male and female workers between 2004 and 2006 register by Government of India. According to this table women get only 41.58 rupee for ploughing work while men are paid almost double. Also in another jobs women do seems to be paid less than men. Table 1: Wage Rate in Agricultural occupation 2004-2006 Occupation Wage of Men Wage of Women Ploughing Sowing Weeding Picking Crushing 72,28 66,09 57,97 54,60 60,62 41,58 46,17 46,73 41,49 42,73 Source:Ministerof Labouer, Gov of India Women play significant role in agriculture, taking on any job required in land farming. Table 2:1 shows percentage of distribution of female labour in cultivation, agriculture and household in 2001. According the chat around 51 percent women are involve in household industries work while 43 is employed in agriculture, and only 6 percent in cultivation. Table 2.2 shows percentage of male worker participation in cultivation, agriculture and household. The diagram picture that 59 percent men are employed in cultivation in compared to 43 percent women labour. In addition male labour continues 38 percent employed in agriculture. This number is less than 51 percent women labour. Not surprisingly only 3 percent men worked in household as this sector is consider being a female duty. Source : National Sample Survey Organization, 55th round (July 1999 June 2000) Source : National Sample Survey Organization, 55th round (July 1999 June 2000) http://ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/Impact%20of%20WTO%20Women%20in%20Agriculture.pdf IMPACT OF WTO ON WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE RESEARCH FOUNDATION SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY NEW DELHI NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN NEW DELHI According to the UNFPA State of World Population report on India, published in 2005, about 70 percent of graduate Indian women were unemployed taking under consideration that women represent 90 percent of the total minor workers of the country. Whats more, rural women engaged in agriculture farming constitute 78 percent of all female with regular paid work, making they a third of all labour involved in farming on the land. Furthermore, the report point it out that due to the traditional gender division of labour these women get on average 30 percent lower wages than men. Also the total employment of women in organised sector is only 4 percent even though that industrial production increased since the 1980s with more jobs in factories and outside household. Evidently data shows increased trend among companies to rely on using cheap labour in production stage, mostly women and children. It is well known that women and children work in huge numbers in bangle making weaving, brassware, l eather, crafts and other industries, including clothed and technology factories. Yet, only 3 percent of these women are recorded as manual worker. They are forced to work for almost charitable wages and are excluded form all social security benefits like a health care or a pension. A study organised by SEWA in fourteen Indian trades found that 85 percent of this women earned only 50 percent of the official poverty level income. Another feature of women unequal treatment in Indian society is limited access to health care. Giving complicity of underlying factors like sons preference in a family, early marriages, lack of access to hospitals, education and general women position in a household, is not surprising that life expectancy of females is lower than males. For majority of Indian states the average women life expectancy is 60 years. However life expectancy age for Indian women had been altered for different states, regions in India. In Kerala, for instance, women life expectancy is 75 years of age, while in Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, the poorest states of India, womens age expectancy is even lower 57 years (R C Mishra 2006, p.85-87). This shows as well that other factors like women religion and a cast they belong to, political and economical environment do have huge impact on life expectancy this particular gender. In addition women are quite often subjects of sexual and gender related violence within household, but also outside family walls. They low position make them easy target for raps, molestation, kidnapping and abduction, dowry deaths and domestic violence. Especially illegal practice of dowry existing in many cast groups, quite common in rural areas, causing concerns as legislation reinforcement seems to be powerless in execution women rights and protection. Women in politics Furthermore on political stage it seems women are seriously underrepresented, The fact that Indian government accepted the Representation of the People Act from 1951, which reserves one third seats in national and states parliaments for women, makes milestone in acknowledging women participation in a society and they needs for changes. This is a positive step that gives women political rights to be represented and ability to influence legal policies of this country. On the other hand the Act can be viewed as a need for enforcement democratic India to accept women basic human rights to be equalised with men in area like education, workplace, household and marriage, inheritance of properties, land. However in reality women are not even count for a quote of Indian representatives on a political stage. For instance in a list of the Communist Party of India only three out of sixty candidates are women. Even worse situation for female representation can be found in Karelas parliament. On a list of the Congress Partys for Karela only one woman has been listed in election among seventeen candidates taking part. The main opposition party, Bharatiya Janata Party, has just twenty-six women among its one hundred sixty six candidates. Just six women among 71 candidate seats represent the Samajwadi Party. http://news.oneindia.in/feature/2009/wanted-women-in-indian-parliament.html Throw the years the number of women parliamentarians has never exceeded 15 percent of all seats. Participation of women in the Parliament Lok Sabha (lower house) after election in 1999 was only 8,8 percent, while in Rajya Sabha (upper house) was 8,2 percent (Source: Election Commission of Indias Website) This shows that womens participation in political processes is slow and almost invisible, can be even recounted as exclude form the state life. It is mainly due to various social, economic, historical, geographical, political and cultural factors. Illiteracy, lack of access and control over income and other resources including land, restrictions to public spaces and legal systems in favor of a man continue to harm women any effort to political contribution. In the Indian culture women have always been in a lower status than men and in this terms Indian women display great reserve, respect and submissive mannerisms when they speak to men. The rule Being a male-dominant society, men rule and women follow applies in every aspect to Indian society structure (A male participant Womens Political Participation in Rural India p.437). The Indian constitution grants women equal rights with men, but strong patriarchal traditions persist, with womens lives shaped by customs. In most of Indian families a daughter is viewed as a responsibility, a problem, which needs food and protection. On the other hand sons are idolized and celebrated. May you be the mother of a hundred sons is a common Hindu wedding blessing. This has influenced women access to education, to gaining power in household and a community. It seems that without strong reinforcement of traditional custom and values any government legislation cannot be productive. Recognition of women imputes into Indian economy and politics is another step towards improvement their lives. .

Background Technology in Education :: essays papers

Background Technology in Education If you were to walk into any elementary, middle, or high school, you’ll find that many classrooms are equipped with TVs and VCRs. These devices serve as a teaching aide, not as entertainment. Instructional videos give students a chance to witness the use of tools and strategies they have been learning at school in a practical setting. Some students do not learn well just from teacher, TVs have been known to hold peoples attention for longer spans than one person. Elementary aged students are more vulnerable to TVs than older students. In conjunction with most parents being working class and the family unit becoming disjointed, many educational programs were created to help teach children the basic functions of language, mathematics, reading, and writing. This is the most influential educational technology of the past. Along side of the TV in a classroom you may find cassette play/recorder. The cassette player/recorder has been in schools a little longer than the television. Cassette players are primary sources of foreign language aides. Tapes of people speaking the language of choice were recorded and played back to students. It’s better to have an example of a language spoken than just to see it in a book. That’s why in college if you are taking a foreign language class the book comes with set of language tapes. Many different subjects have applied that same concept of using tapes and cassette players. Books on tape became a popular thing and are widely sold around the United States. Now we have more advanced technologies that are leading us into the future. Modern Technology in Education We are living in the time of the information boom. Never before has information been so abundant and easy to find. To many students it seems like a hassle to search for information on a computer. Could you imagine finding all of your information by flipping pages of books, magazines, and news papers in a library? â€Å"Technology is treated as a tool to help accomplish a complex task rather than a subject of study for its own sake (US Government, 2001).† Computers are an everyday thing for college students in the United States, there is a requirement to be able to use them.The computer is our present and it may be the rest of our future. Most schools are equipped with a computer lab for students to use. From Seseme Street to the Rocky Mountain Learning Systems, there is software for students of all ages.